IDENTIFICATION OF CROP PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS AND
TECHNOLOGY
NEEDS IN H1 AGRO-ECOLOGY OF SHISHIR PA IN
SOUTH ARI DISTRICT OF SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA
1 Introduction
The livelihood of over 93% of the people Southern Nation Nationality and peoples Region of
Ethiopia dependent on agriculture; however, agricultural system in the region is at subsistence
level. Much effort has been put to generate or adapt agricultural technologies that would help
to increase production and productivity but only few technologies adopt by the end users.
Because, technologies might have not be driven from the real need of the end users. A top bottom
approach that dominantly centered researchers/ professional attitudes has been fallowed. For
the successful research and development achievement, an agro-ecology based assessment is
crucial to understand the specific farming system production practices and problems and
technology needs of farmers and /or pastoralists. In this line, an assessment study was conducted
in H1 agro-ecology of Shishir PA in Debub Ari district of South omo zone. Mixed farming is
the livelihood of the farmers in the PA. The rain fall pattern is bimodal .Major crops grown in
the area are Sorghum Maize, Common bean, field pea, and sunflower, Enset (Enset
ventricosum), Yam, Cassava, Irish Potato, Sweet Potato, Taro, Garlic, Shallot, Cabbage,
Banana, Coffe, Sugarcane, Corianders, Ginger and Peppers.
Agriculture is the most important determinant of Southern Nation Nationality and peoples’ Region
of Ethiopia economy and it will continue to play the leading role in the overall economy
development of the region. The livelihood of over 93% of the people of the region dependent on
it, however, agricultural systems in the region is at subsistence level and food insecurity problem
is increasing at alarming rate. Moreover, rapid natural resource degradation is prevalent.
Economy of Ethiopia largely based on agriculture which accounts for 46.3% of the gross domestic
product, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006/2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9%
and 80% in 2002/2003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector
[3]. Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate,
generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool.
Agriculture is most important determinant of Southern Nation Nationality and peoples Region
economy and it will continue to play the leading role in the overall economy development of the
region .The livelihood over 93% of the people of the region dependent on it, however agricultural
system in the region is subsistence level and food insecurity problem is increasing at alarming rate.
Moreover, rapid natural resource degradation is prevalent.
The food insecurity problems in the area caused by complex of factors ranging from natural ones
such as recurrent drought , degradation of natural resources , lack of appropriate technologies,
weak institutional support and lack of alternative employment. The same information also stated
by [2]. Therefore, there is a greater need to increase agricultural production and productivity.
Over the last five decades, researchers and extension have put much effort to generate improved
agricultural production technologies and deliver to the users. Despite that several technologies
have been developed, the conventional agricultural research and innovation pursued in the past
have not been very successful to deliver appropriate technologies to the end users. As a result very
few technologies developed previously are adapted by the end users and considerable number of
technologies are shelfed or kept in laboratory without significant contribution to the objective they
are designed for .This is due to several factors , of which the important once is usually the critical
process by which information is collected at grass root level from far factor farmers and pastoralist
to understand their specific farming system, production practices and production problems and
their technology need is ignored. A top bottom approach that dominantly centered researchers/
professional attitudes since long time for both research planning and technology generation. The
technology generated in this way might not address the real problems of the farming community
as they were users demand –driven and hence the farming community would be passive recipient
of the new technology. The research approaches have also been blamed for not targeting agroecologies
and for disregarding the indigenous technical knowledge’s.
Currently the regional government has recognized the needs move away from the existing research
approach so as to generate and adapt problem solving appropriate technologies centering the real
needs of farming community. Accordingly, the existing research approach and process was
reviewed and found be lengthy and less effective to deliver appropriate technologies and
unsatisfactory to the research customers (Farmers, pastoralist, and private investors).
Consequently, reengineering the research process is under way .This reengineering process is
expected to bring a radical , dynamic and rapid change and sustainable development in the
agricultural sector through generating and adaptation deliver of appropriate technologies with in
short period time by cutting-off length steps that adds no values to the customer. Recently Ethiopia
was divided in to 18 major agro-ecological zones and 48 sub-zones based on altitude rainfall and length of the growing period [4]. The research process, one of the essential that often ignored and
presently received much attention in the new approach is agro ecology based assessment .The
assessment study is take off for the subsequent research and extension activities and meant to
identify agro-ecology based agricultural production constraints and technology needs of the
farming community. Hence, this study was conducted in H2 agro-ecology of fasha PA with the
following objectives 0f (1).To describe and understand the nature of the farming system, and
production practices, (2). To understand farmers indigenous technical knowledge, (3).To analyze
and priories the major agricultural production problems, (4). To identify farmers technology needs
and (5) to better understand the existing condition in the H2 agro ecology and avail information to
researchers and development workers.
2. THE STUDY AGRO-ECOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted in Shishir PA of South Ari district of South Omo zone. The PA
represents H1 agro-ecology. The study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team of researchers
and development workers comprising of plant breeder, agronomist, socio-economist, extensionist
and natural resource experts. The researchers were from Hadassah, Areka and Jinka agricultural
Research Centers while the development workers are from South Omo and South Ari Agricultural
and Rural development office.
Before starting of the study, the study team made short discussion with South Omo district of
Agricultural and rural development office (ARD). Discussion was made to get information with
regard to the important preliminary conditions for the study such as assignment of experts for the
study team, the representatives of the PA, selection of the informant farmers and awareness created
to the farmers of the selected PA and also to the PA administration and development agents
working there.
A total of 49 informant farmers of extension groups representing each sub PAs, mix of variable
ages and both sexes were selected by themselves in collaboration with Shishir PA administration
and development agents.
For the purpose of discussion, the farmers were grouped in three interviewer sub groups of crop,
livestock and natural resources each containing 15(12 males and 3 females) farmers in each sub
group , respectively participated in the discussion. The other group formed was the key informants
sub-group with four farmers.
The study team also re -group based on the area of specialization in to four sub-groups of crop,
livestock and natural resource and socioeconomics. Another fifth sub group that was not related to
the area of specialization was also formed. The group was meant to handle the discussion with the
key informants.
Basic secondary data at zonal, district and PA levels were collected by the staff of the respective
Agricultural and Rural development office and presented to the study team. Primary data were collected through discussion between the disciplinary based sub-groups and the corresponding
farmers sub groups. The discussion was guided by the checklist prepared by multidisciplinary team
at regional level and issues raised during discussion were incorporated .visual observation were
also made at farm level.
Upon completion of sub group level discussion, information particularly agricultural production
and production related constraints identified by each sup groups of farmers were summarized
together .Then, informants farmers were gathered as one group and summarized series of
constraints had been briefed to them and then they ranked the problem by consensus in order of
their importance.
3. CROP PRODUCTION
3.1.MAJOR CROPS CULTIVATED AND CROPPING SYSTEM
Crops grown in the PA include sorghum, maize, haricot bean field pea, Sunflower, Enset (Enset
ventricosum), Yam Cassava, Sweet potato, Irish potato, Taro, Coffee, Sugarcane, Coriander,
Ginger, Pepper, Garlic, Shallot, Cabbage, and Banana. The PA has two cropping seasons autumn
and Summer. Common cropping systems practiced in PA are sole cropping, intercropping and
mixed cropping. Farmers grow crops for home consumption, seeds and income generation. The
crop varieties grown in the PA for all crops are local except maize in which all varieties are
replaced by improved one.
As there are diverse in shishir PA, the production problems are also diverse. Farmers listed series
of problems that affects the productivity of the existing crop varieties as army worm and stalk
borer on maize and sorghum, coffee wilt disease, coffee stem borer, Coffee berry disease bird
attack on sunflower and sorghum, erratic rainfall, mole rat attack on Enset and high rainfall result
in rotting and failing down of sorghum and Enset bacterial wilt. Weevls and rat storage pest on
different crops. In general the key informants strongly emphasized that the major production
constraints in crop production, Enset bacterial wilt is the number one problem mentioned. In
addition coffee disease, storage pests (Weevil rat) and stalk borer are the major production
constraints in the PA.
3.2. METHOD OF SEED SELECTION AND MAINTENANCE
According to the interviewed farmers seed selection is done by selecting maize plants with large
cobs and big seed size and sorghum having arge head at field condition.
For haricot bean seeds are selected after threshing from those plants which have good looking
seeds and free from disease/pest. The selected plants in case of maize and sorghum are harvested
separately, tied together and hung over smoking places whereas selected plant of haricot bean and
other pulses would be threshed and mixed/ treated with ash in order to protect it from
weevils(storage pests’ infection).
4. AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
4.1.LAND PREPARATION
Large proportion of the farmers use oxen plowing for land those farmers who are living in hilly
and mountains are used hand tools ‘Boyira’ for land preparation. The land is tilled 3-4 times until
it gets ready for seed sowing depending on crop types. Major constraints of land preparation and
planting as mentioned by the key informants are shortage of oxen, livestock diseases, erratic nature
of rainfall, shortage of farm implements and labor.
According to interviewed farmers, the common cropping systems practiced in the PA are mono
cropping, intercropping, and mixed cropping. Both broadcasting and row planting are practiced in
the PA. Sorghum field pea and faba bean are broadcasted whereas maize and haricot bean are
planted in row. Haricot bean is planted being mexed with maize. The actual seed rate for all crops is not known. But they use around 12 kg seed of maize and sorghum to cover one hectare of land.
The use of hill planting of 3 to 4 maize seeds per hill for sowing maize.
4.2.WEEDS AND WEEDING
The major weed species of the PA are ‘gichila’(Bermuda grass),’ Aribi (Meskel flwer),’
commolina .Cultural practices such repeated cultivation and hand weeding are used to control
weeds. The major problems associated with weeds and weed control emphasized in the PA are
human disease, shortage of labor, shortage of money to employ labor and continues rainfall during
weeding time.
5. FERTILIZER USE
5.1.INORGANIC FERTILIZER
Farmers reported that apply of Urea and DAP fertilizers only for maize production in the locality.
Both types of fertilizer are applied at the rate of 100kg/ha each. But the time of application is
different. DAP is applied and covered with soil just before sowing. Urea application is done within
30-40 days after sowing.
5.2.ORGANIC FERTILIZER
According to the interviewed farmers the use organic fertilizer is common in the PA especially
homestead crops like vegetables (Shallot, beet root and cabbage) and Enset (Enset ventricosum).
Major problems encountered in inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizers uses are increment of
inorganic fertilizer price year to year, unavailability of fertilizer at the appropriate time and
shortage of livestock for transportation of organic fertilizer to the farming field. Farmers of the PA
leave residues of maize and sorghum in order to improve the soil fertility and also mixed cropping
of cereals and pulse are practiced as well for the same purpose.
6. FARM IMPLEMENTS /MECHANIZATION
Variable traditional implements are used in the PA for different activities. The major implements
include ‘ Wolle’, ‘Boyira’ ‘Gosha’ axe and plow. According to interviewed farmers ‘gosha’ is
used for cultivation, ‘Boyira’ is used for digging and cultivation whereas ‘wolle’ for cutting grass
and clearing. These implements are traditional, less effective, time consuming and laborious. The
sources of farm implements are local markets.
7. STORAGE, PROCESSING AND MARKETING
Farmers in the PA store their crop products mainly in granary made of wood /bamboo .Rats and
weevils are the common storage pests in the locality. With regard marketing, the farmers revealed
that as the PA is potential for diverse crop production they have surplus production for sale. Coffee
and maize are sold in large quantity for for merchants in local as well as in urban market at Gazer.
Coffee being the first important cash crop. Maize is sold in large quantity to earn money to cover
the fertilizer cost and to pay taxes. Maize is susceptible to weevil and usually sold immediately
after harvesting. Those product in small quantity such as sorghum, haricot bean and field pea are
sold at local market by women’s for covering of expenditures for buying salt, fuel and other items.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank South Ari district of South omo zone of agricultural and rural development
office, farmers of Shshir PA and South agricultural research institute for finical support.
Keywords:
Agricultural problem identification,
production constraint,
H1 agro-ecology,
agricultural
technologies,
agro-ecology,
Published by: Wondwesen Shiferaw, Ermiyas Mekonen, Kebere Bezaweletaw, Yasin Goa,
Eliyas mesikelu, Getachew Gashaw, Shiferaw Boke, Alayu Mekuria, and bereket zeleke,
“Identification of Crop Production Constraints And Technology Needs in H1 Agro-Ecology of
Shishir Pa In South Ari District of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia.” International Journal of Research
– Granthaalayah, Vol. 3, No. 1(2015): 50-57.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH
https://www.facebook.com/granthaalayah
http://granthaalayah.com
TECHNOLOGY
NEEDS IN H1 AGRO-ECOLOGY OF SHISHIR PA IN
SOUTH ARI DISTRICT OF SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA
1 Introduction
The livelihood of over 93% of the people Southern Nation Nationality and peoples Region of
Ethiopia dependent on agriculture; however, agricultural system in the region is at subsistence
level. Much effort has been put to generate or adapt agricultural technologies that would help
to increase production and productivity but only few technologies adopt by the end users.
Because, technologies might have not be driven from the real need of the end users. A top bottom
approach that dominantly centered researchers/ professional attitudes has been fallowed. For
the successful research and development achievement, an agro-ecology based assessment is
crucial to understand the specific farming system production practices and problems and
technology needs of farmers and /or pastoralists. In this line, an assessment study was conducted
in H1 agro-ecology of Shishir PA in Debub Ari district of South omo zone. Mixed farming is
the livelihood of the farmers in the PA. The rain fall pattern is bimodal .Major crops grown in
the area are Sorghum Maize, Common bean, field pea, and sunflower, Enset (Enset
ventricosum), Yam, Cassava, Irish Potato, Sweet Potato, Taro, Garlic, Shallot, Cabbage,
Banana, Coffe, Sugarcane, Corianders, Ginger and Peppers.
Agriculture is the most important determinant of Southern Nation Nationality and peoples’ Region
of Ethiopia economy and it will continue to play the leading role in the overall economy
development of the region. The livelihood of over 93% of the people of the region dependent on
it, however, agricultural systems in the region is at subsistence level and food insecurity problem
is increasing at alarming rate. Moreover, rapid natural resource degradation is prevalent.
Economy of Ethiopia largely based on agriculture which accounts for 46.3% of the gross domestic
product, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006/2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9%
and 80% in 2002/2003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector
[3]. Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate,
generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool.
Agriculture is most important determinant of Southern Nation Nationality and peoples Region
economy and it will continue to play the leading role in the overall economy development of the
region .The livelihood over 93% of the people of the region dependent on it, however agricultural
system in the region is subsistence level and food insecurity problem is increasing at alarming rate.
Moreover, rapid natural resource degradation is prevalent.
The food insecurity problems in the area caused by complex of factors ranging from natural ones
such as recurrent drought , degradation of natural resources , lack of appropriate technologies,
weak institutional support and lack of alternative employment. The same information also stated
by [2]. Therefore, there is a greater need to increase agricultural production and productivity.
Over the last five decades, researchers and extension have put much effort to generate improved
agricultural production technologies and deliver to the users. Despite that several technologies
have been developed, the conventional agricultural research and innovation pursued in the past
have not been very successful to deliver appropriate technologies to the end users. As a result very
few technologies developed previously are adapted by the end users and considerable number of
technologies are shelfed or kept in laboratory without significant contribution to the objective they
are designed for .This is due to several factors , of which the important once is usually the critical
process by which information is collected at grass root level from far factor farmers and pastoralist
to understand their specific farming system, production practices and production problems and
their technology need is ignored. A top bottom approach that dominantly centered researchers/
professional attitudes since long time for both research planning and technology generation. The
technology generated in this way might not address the real problems of the farming community
as they were users demand –driven and hence the farming community would be passive recipient
of the new technology. The research approaches have also been blamed for not targeting agroecologies
and for disregarding the indigenous technical knowledge’s.
Currently the regional government has recognized the needs move away from the existing research
approach so as to generate and adapt problem solving appropriate technologies centering the real
needs of farming community. Accordingly, the existing research approach and process was
reviewed and found be lengthy and less effective to deliver appropriate technologies and
unsatisfactory to the research customers (Farmers, pastoralist, and private investors).
Consequently, reengineering the research process is under way .This reengineering process is
expected to bring a radical , dynamic and rapid change and sustainable development in the
agricultural sector through generating and adaptation deliver of appropriate technologies with in
short period time by cutting-off length steps that adds no values to the customer. Recently Ethiopia
was divided in to 18 major agro-ecological zones and 48 sub-zones based on altitude rainfall and length of the growing period [4]. The research process, one of the essential that often ignored and
presently received much attention in the new approach is agro ecology based assessment .The
assessment study is take off for the subsequent research and extension activities and meant to
identify agro-ecology based agricultural production constraints and technology needs of the
farming community. Hence, this study was conducted in H2 agro-ecology of fasha PA with the
following objectives 0f (1).To describe and understand the nature of the farming system, and
production practices, (2). To understand farmers indigenous technical knowledge, (3).To analyze
and priories the major agricultural production problems, (4). To identify farmers technology needs
and (5) to better understand the existing condition in the H2 agro ecology and avail information to
researchers and development workers.
2. THE STUDY AGRO-ECOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted in Shishir PA of South Ari district of South Omo zone. The PA
represents H1 agro-ecology. The study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team of researchers
and development workers comprising of plant breeder, agronomist, socio-economist, extensionist
and natural resource experts. The researchers were from Hadassah, Areka and Jinka agricultural
Research Centers while the development workers are from South Omo and South Ari Agricultural
and Rural development office.
Before starting of the study, the study team made short discussion with South Omo district of
Agricultural and rural development office (ARD). Discussion was made to get information with
regard to the important preliminary conditions for the study such as assignment of experts for the
study team, the representatives of the PA, selection of the informant farmers and awareness created
to the farmers of the selected PA and also to the PA administration and development agents
working there.
A total of 49 informant farmers of extension groups representing each sub PAs, mix of variable
ages and both sexes were selected by themselves in collaboration with Shishir PA administration
and development agents.
For the purpose of discussion, the farmers were grouped in three interviewer sub groups of crop,
livestock and natural resources each containing 15(12 males and 3 females) farmers in each sub
group , respectively participated in the discussion. The other group formed was the key informants
sub-group with four farmers.
The study team also re -group based on the area of specialization in to four sub-groups of crop,
livestock and natural resource and socioeconomics. Another fifth sub group that was not related to
the area of specialization was also formed. The group was meant to handle the discussion with the
key informants.
Basic secondary data at zonal, district and PA levels were collected by the staff of the respective
Agricultural and Rural development office and presented to the study team. Primary data were collected through discussion between the disciplinary based sub-groups and the corresponding
farmers sub groups. The discussion was guided by the checklist prepared by multidisciplinary team
at regional level and issues raised during discussion were incorporated .visual observation were
also made at farm level.
Upon completion of sub group level discussion, information particularly agricultural production
and production related constraints identified by each sup groups of farmers were summarized
together .Then, informants farmers were gathered as one group and summarized series of
constraints had been briefed to them and then they ranked the problem by consensus in order of
their importance.
3. CROP PRODUCTION
3.1.MAJOR CROPS CULTIVATED AND CROPPING SYSTEM
Crops grown in the PA include sorghum, maize, haricot bean field pea, Sunflower, Enset (Enset
ventricosum), Yam Cassava, Sweet potato, Irish potato, Taro, Coffee, Sugarcane, Coriander,
Ginger, Pepper, Garlic, Shallot, Cabbage, and Banana. The PA has two cropping seasons autumn
and Summer. Common cropping systems practiced in PA are sole cropping, intercropping and
mixed cropping. Farmers grow crops for home consumption, seeds and income generation. The
crop varieties grown in the PA for all crops are local except maize in which all varieties are
replaced by improved one.
As there are diverse in shishir PA, the production problems are also diverse. Farmers listed series
of problems that affects the productivity of the existing crop varieties as army worm and stalk
borer on maize and sorghum, coffee wilt disease, coffee stem borer, Coffee berry disease bird
attack on sunflower and sorghum, erratic rainfall, mole rat attack on Enset and high rainfall result
in rotting and failing down of sorghum and Enset bacterial wilt. Weevls and rat storage pest on
different crops. In general the key informants strongly emphasized that the major production
constraints in crop production, Enset bacterial wilt is the number one problem mentioned. In
addition coffee disease, storage pests (Weevil rat) and stalk borer are the major production
constraints in the PA.
3.2. METHOD OF SEED SELECTION AND MAINTENANCE
According to the interviewed farmers seed selection is done by selecting maize plants with large
cobs and big seed size and sorghum having arge head at field condition.
For haricot bean seeds are selected after threshing from those plants which have good looking
seeds and free from disease/pest. The selected plants in case of maize and sorghum are harvested
separately, tied together and hung over smoking places whereas selected plant of haricot bean and
other pulses would be threshed and mixed/ treated with ash in order to protect it from
weevils(storage pests’ infection).
4. AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
4.1.LAND PREPARATION
Large proportion of the farmers use oxen plowing for land those farmers who are living in hilly
and mountains are used hand tools ‘Boyira’ for land preparation. The land is tilled 3-4 times until
it gets ready for seed sowing depending on crop types. Major constraints of land preparation and
planting as mentioned by the key informants are shortage of oxen, livestock diseases, erratic nature
of rainfall, shortage of farm implements and labor.
According to interviewed farmers, the common cropping systems practiced in the PA are mono
cropping, intercropping, and mixed cropping. Both broadcasting and row planting are practiced in
the PA. Sorghum field pea and faba bean are broadcasted whereas maize and haricot bean are
planted in row. Haricot bean is planted being mexed with maize. The actual seed rate for all crops is not known. But they use around 12 kg seed of maize and sorghum to cover one hectare of land.
The use of hill planting of 3 to 4 maize seeds per hill for sowing maize.
4.2.WEEDS AND WEEDING
The major weed species of the PA are ‘gichila’(Bermuda grass),’ Aribi (Meskel flwer),’
commolina .Cultural practices such repeated cultivation and hand weeding are used to control
weeds. The major problems associated with weeds and weed control emphasized in the PA are
human disease, shortage of labor, shortage of money to employ labor and continues rainfall during
weeding time.
5. FERTILIZER USE
5.1.INORGANIC FERTILIZER
Farmers reported that apply of Urea and DAP fertilizers only for maize production in the locality.
Both types of fertilizer are applied at the rate of 100kg/ha each. But the time of application is
different. DAP is applied and covered with soil just before sowing. Urea application is done within
30-40 days after sowing.
5.2.ORGANIC FERTILIZER
According to the interviewed farmers the use organic fertilizer is common in the PA especially
homestead crops like vegetables (Shallot, beet root and cabbage) and Enset (Enset ventricosum).
Major problems encountered in inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizers uses are increment of
inorganic fertilizer price year to year, unavailability of fertilizer at the appropriate time and
shortage of livestock for transportation of organic fertilizer to the farming field. Farmers of the PA
leave residues of maize and sorghum in order to improve the soil fertility and also mixed cropping
of cereals and pulse are practiced as well for the same purpose.
6. FARM IMPLEMENTS /MECHANIZATION
Variable traditional implements are used in the PA for different activities. The major implements
include ‘ Wolle’, ‘Boyira’ ‘Gosha’ axe and plow. According to interviewed farmers ‘gosha’ is
used for cultivation, ‘Boyira’ is used for digging and cultivation whereas ‘wolle’ for cutting grass
and clearing. These implements are traditional, less effective, time consuming and laborious. The
sources of farm implements are local markets.
7. STORAGE, PROCESSING AND MARKETING
Farmers in the PA store their crop products mainly in granary made of wood /bamboo .Rats and
weevils are the common storage pests in the locality. With regard marketing, the farmers revealed
that as the PA is potential for diverse crop production they have surplus production for sale. Coffee
and maize are sold in large quantity for for merchants in local as well as in urban market at Gazer.
Coffee being the first important cash crop. Maize is sold in large quantity to earn money to cover
the fertilizer cost and to pay taxes. Maize is susceptible to weevil and usually sold immediately
after harvesting. Those product in small quantity such as sorghum, haricot bean and field pea are
sold at local market by women’s for covering of expenditures for buying salt, fuel and other items.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank South Ari district of South omo zone of agricultural and rural development
office, farmers of Shshir PA and South agricultural research institute for finical support.
Keywords:
Agricultural problem identification,
production constraint,
H1 agro-ecology,
agricultural
technologies,
agro-ecology,
Published by: Wondwesen Shiferaw, Ermiyas Mekonen, Kebere Bezaweletaw, Yasin Goa,
Eliyas mesikelu, Getachew Gashaw, Shiferaw Boke, Alayu Mekuria, and bereket zeleke,
“Identification of Crop Production Constraints And Technology Needs in H1 Agro-Ecology of
Shishir Pa In South Ari District of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia.” International Journal of Research
– Granthaalayah, Vol. 3, No. 1(2015): 50-57.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH
https://www.facebook.com/granthaalayah
http://granthaalayah.com
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